Artificial intelligence

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Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.

In other hand Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a computer program or a machine to think and learn. It is also a field of study which tries to make computers "smart".  
AI involves many different fields like computer science, mathematics, linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy. 

History of artificial intelligence

The artificial intelligence began in ancient times with myths, stories and rumors of artificial beings feelings with intelligence or consciousness by master craftsmen.

AI researches were reached the peak after invention of Programmable digital computer in the 1940.This device and the ideas behind it inspired a handful of scientists to begin seriously discussing the possibility of building an electronic brain.

AI research found in Dartmouth collage's workshop.Those who attended would become the leaders of AI research for decades and predicted that a machine as intelligent as a human being would exist in no more than a generation and they were given millions of dollars to make this vision come true.

  • 1943: early beginnings,McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
  • 1940: Invention of Programmable digital computer.
  • 1950: Turing’s "Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
  • 1956: first workshop of Artificial Intelligence and with it the field of AI research was born.
  • 1955-65: “great enthusiasm”
    ▪ Newell and Simon: GPS, general problem solver
    ▪ Gelertner: Geometry Theorem Prover
    ▪ McCarthy: invention of LISP
  • 1966—73: Reality dawns
    ▪ Realization that many AI problems are intractable
    ▪ Limitations of existing neural network methods identified
    • Neural network research almost disappears
  • 1969—85: Adding domain knowledge
    ▪ Development of knowledge-based systems
    ▪ Success of rule-based expert systems,
    • E.g., DENDRAL, MYCIN
    • But were brittle and did not scale well in practice
  • 1974: British government cut of exploratory research in AI. The following years were called (first) AI Winter. The enthusiasm was lost, nobody wanted to fund AI research.
  • After the first AI Winter, Artificial Intelligence came back in a form of so-called “expert systems”.Expert systems are programs that answer question and solve problems in a specific domain.
  • 1981: an expert system named SID (Synthesis of Integral Design) designed 93% of the VAX 9000 CPU logic gates.
  • 1986 - Rise of machine learning
    ▪ Neural networks return to popularity
    ▪ Major advances in machine learning algorithms and applications
  • 1990 - Role of uncertainty
    ▪ Bayesian networks as a knowledge representation framework
  • 1980-1990 : The second AI Winter came in the later 80s and early 90s after a series of financial setbacks
  • 1995 - AI as Science
    ▪ Integration of learning, reasoning, knowledge representation
    ▪ AI methods used in vision, language, data mining, etc. 
  • 1997: IBM’s chess computer defeated Garry Kasparov after six games with 3½–2½.
  • 2013: classic games from old retro consoles DeepMind is developing an AI for more complex game
  • 2015: Next to classic Atari games, DeepMind also managed to defeat the world best human Go player with his AI AlphaGo.
  • 2017: Deep learning, Big Data and Artificial General Intelligence.

Philosophy of AI

The development of AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence
in machines that we find and regard high in humans.

Goals of AI

  •  To Create Expert Systems
  •  To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines 

Programming Without and With AI


Programming Without AI
Programming With AI
A computer program without AI can answer the specific questions it is meant to solve.
A computer program with AI can answer the generic questions it is meant to solve.
Modification in the program leads to change in its structure.
AI programs can absorb new modifications by putting highly independent pieces of information together. Hence you can modify even a minute piece of information of program without affecting its structure.
Modification is not quick and easy. It may lead to affecting the program adversely.
Quick and Easy program modification.

AI Technique

  • It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.
  • It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
  • It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.
Applications of AI
  • Gaming
  • Natural Language Processing
  • Expert Systems
  • Vision Systems
  • Speech Recognition
  • Handwriting Recognition
  • Intelligent Robots

Watson (computer)

Watson is a question-answering computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language,developed in IBM's DeepQA project by a research team led by principal investigator David Ferrucci.
Watson uses IBM's DeepQA software and the Apache UIMA framework. 
The system was written in various languages, including Java, C++, and Prolog, and runs on the SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 operating system using the Apache Hadoop framework to provide distributed computing.




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