R language
Basic R commands
Hi folks, Today we going to learn about R Language and its basic commands.
R is a programming language and free software environment for statistical computing and graphics that is supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. The R language is widely used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software and data analysis.
Write these small script into rscript (New File -> Rscript).After write every script hit ctrl+Enter then your script will be run.
R is a programming language and free software environment for statistical computing and graphics that is supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. The R language is widely used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software and data analysis.
Write these small script into rscript (New File -> Rscript).After write every script hit ctrl+Enter then your script will be run.
1+1output will show in console window like this> 1+1
[1] 2| Command | Output |
|---|---|
| 1-1 | > 1-1 [1] 0 |
| 6/2 | > 6/2 [1] 3 |
| pi^2 | > pi^2 [1] 9.869604 |
| exp(1) | > exp(1) [1] 2.718282 |
| var1 <- pi | > var1 <- pi |
| var1^2 | > var1^2 [1] 9.869604 |
| var2 = 42 | > var2 = 42 |
| exp(3) -> var3 | > exp(3) -> var3 > var3 [1] 20.08554 |
| Defining Vector | |
| vec1 <- c(1,2,3) | > vec1 <- c(1,2,3) > vec1 [1] 1 2 3 |
| vec2 <- 1:11 | > vec2 <- 1:11 > vec2 [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 |
| vec3 <- rep(x=4,7) (rep stands for repeat some certain number) | > vec3 <- rep(x=4,7) > vec3 [1] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 |
| vec4 <- seq(from=1,to=12,by=1.333) (sequence number vector. by stands for increment by that value) | > vec4 <- seq(from=1,to=12,by=1.333) > vec4 [1] 1.000 2.333 3.666 4.999 6.332 7.665 8.998 10.331 11.664 |
| vec5 <- seq(1,12,length.out =10 ) | > vec5 <- seq(1,12,length.out =10 ) > vec5 [1] 1.000000 2.222222 3.444444 4.666667 5.888889 7.111111 8.333333 9.555556 10.777778 [10] 12.000000 |
| Indexing Vector(Same kind of element) | |
| vec4[3] (Access 3rd element of vec4) | > vec4[3] [1] 3.666 |
| vec4[1:3] (Access to st to 3rd element) | > vec4[1:3] [1] 1.000 2.333 3.666 |
| vec4[23:24] | > vec4[23:24] [1] NA NA |
| vec4[c(1,3,7)] (Access specific index element ) | > vec4[c(1,3,7)] [1] 1.000 3.666 8.998 |
| vec4[c(1,1,1,2)] | > vec4[c(1,1,1,2)] [1] 1.000 1.000 1.000 2.333 |
| vec4[-4] (access except element index number 4) | > vec4[-4] [1] 1.000 2.333 3.666 6.332 7.665 8.998 10.331 11.664 |
| vec4[-(1:3)] (access except index number 1 to 3) | > vec4[-(1:3)] [1] 4.999 6.332 7.665 8.998 10.331 11.664 |
| vec4[-c(4,5,7)] (access except index number 4 ,5 and 7) | > vec4[-c(4,5,7)] [1] 1.000 2.333 3.666 7.665 10.331 11.664 |
| vec4[9:4] (Access element reverse order) | > vec4[9:4] [1] 11.664 10.331 8.998 7.665 6.332 4.999 |
| Relational Operator | |
| vec5 <- c(2,2,2) (Defining vector) | > vec5 <- c(2,2,2) > vec5 [1] 2 2 2 |
| all.equal(vec5,c(2,1,2)) | > all.equal(vec5,c(2,1,2)) [1] "Mean relative difference: 0.5" |
| all.equal(vec5,c(2,2,2)) | > all.equal(vec5,c(2,2,2)) [1] TRUE |
| vec5==c(2,2,2) | > vec5==c(2,2,2) [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE |
| vec5>c(2,2,2) | > vec5>c(2,2,2) [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE |
| vec5>c(1,2,3) | > vec5>c(1,2,3) [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE |
| vec5<=c(1,2,3) | > vec5<=c(1,2,3) [1] FALSE TRUE TRUE |
| vec5!=c(1,2,3) | > vec5!=c(1,2,3) [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE |
| List Operator(It can be anything) | |
| list1 <- list(vec1,vec2,vec4) | > list1 <- list(vec1,vec2,vec4) > list1 [[1]] [1] 1 2 3 [[2]] [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 [[3]] [1] 1.000 2.333 3.666 4.999 6.332 7.665 8.998 10.331 11.664 |
| list2 <-list(booyah=vec1,boombody=vec2,bam=vec3) | > list2 <-list(booyah=vec1,boombody=vec2,bam=vec3) > list2 $booyah [1] 1 2 3 $boombody [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 $bam [1] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 |
| list2$booyah ($ sign stands foraccessing name) | > list2$booyah [1] 1 2 3 |
| listvar <- list2$bam (Redefine a list) | > listvar <- list2$bam > listvar [1] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 |
| list2$bam | > list2$bam [1] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 |
| listvar <-list2$bam[1:2] | > listvar <-list2$bam[1:2] > listvar [1] 4 4 |
Data Visualization.
| Command | Output |
|---|---|
| data(iris) | > data(iris) |
| summary(iris) |  |
| sl <- iris$Sepal.Length | > sl <- iris$Sepal.Length |
| hist(sl) | > hist(sl) |
| density(sl) |  |
| sl.d <- density(sl) | > sl.d <- density(sl) |
| plot(sl.d) | > plot(sl.d) |
| ?hist | It will show help with regarding function |
| hist(sl,freq =F) (change the frequency as probability.) lines(sl.d) | > hist(sl,freq =F) > lines(sl.d)  |
| boxplot(sl) | > boxplot(sl) |
| sl.b <- boxplot(sl) (Define the boxplot) | > sl.b <- boxplot(sl) |
| summary(sl.b) (Summarize the boxplot) | > summary(sl.b) Length Class Mode stats 5 -none- numeric n 1 -none- numeric conf 2 -none- numeric out 0 -none- numeric group 0 -none- numeric names 1 -none- character |
| names(sl.b) (a vector of names for the groups.) | > names(sl.b) [1] "stats" "n" "conf" "out" "group" "names |
| sl.b$stats (Stats indicates a matrix, each column contains
| > sl.b$stats [,1] [1,] 4.3 [2,] 5.1 [3,] 5.8 [4,] 6.4 [5,] 7.9 |
| sl.b$stats[3] (Access to matrix index(median)) | > sl.b$stats[3] [1] 5.8 |
| barplot(sl) | > barplot(sl) |
| pairs(iris[,1:4]) (Access specific index element ) | > pairs(iris[,1:4]) |
| qqnorm(sl) (testing Normalities) | > qqnorm(sl) |
| qqline(sl) (testing Normalities) | > qqline(sl) |
| par(mfrow = c(2,2)) (Partiion the graphical view of display (mfrow=c(nr, nc))it indicate howmany row and coloumn your partition would be) (Then run whole plot as one command using select all and hit enter wile pressing ctrl) hist(sl,freq =F) lines(sl.d) boxplot(sl) qqnorm(sl) qqline(sl) barplot(sl) | > par(mfrow = c(2,2)) > hist(sl,freq =F) > lines(sl.d) > boxplot(sl) > qqnorm(sl) > qqline(sl) > barplot(sl)  |
| library("lattice") (Load the library lattice) bwplot(Sepal.Length~Sepal.Width,data=iris) | > library("lattice") > bwplot(Sepal.Length~Sepal.Width,data = iris)  (Each Sepal width has each Sepal length plot) |
| dotplot(Sepal.Length~Sepal.Width,data=iris) (Access element reverse order) | > dotplot(Sepal.Length~Sepal.Width,data = iris) (Another way to see the values)  |
| xyplot(Sepal.Length~Sepal.Width |Species,data=iris) (Analysis the data with specific frequency range) | > xyplot(Sepal.Length~Sepal.Width | Species,data = iris) |
| library("psych") (Load the library "psych" if it not in Rstudio have to installed it) pairs.panels(iris) | > library("psych") > pairs.panels(iris)  |
| source("myplot.R") (Load the R extension file) | > source("myplot.R") |
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